Scientific explanations, studies, and evidence relevant to toxicology and forensic practice.
Category: Science
Nail Drug Testing in Court: Records and Scientific Limits
Learn what nail drug testing may show, why contamination and timing matter, and which laboratory records lawyers should request before interpreting a result.
Breath-to-Blood Conversion: Scientific Limits and Records
A breath-alcohol instrument measures alcohol in a breath sample. It does not draw or analyze blood. When a breath result is discussed as though it were a blood-alcohol concentration, a conversion assumption connects two different biological measurements. That distinction is not merely semantic. It affects how a result should be…
Breath-Test Records Needed for Scientific Review
A breath-test ticket is only the summary. Learn which instrument, calibration, reference-material, operator, sequence, and audit records support scientific review.
Presumptive Amphetamine Urine Screens: What a Positive Immunoassay Does and Does Not Prove
A forensic review of presumptive amphetamine urine screens, cross-reactivity, confirmation, methamphetamine enantiomers, and limits on impairment claims.
Bariatric Surgery, Reflux, and Esophageal Stricture: What the Medical Record Must Establish
A medical-record framework for evaluating bariatric surgery, reflux, esophageal stricture, endoscopy, pathology, diagnosis, staging, and causation.
Methamphetamine Toxicology Lawyer and Expert Case Review
Legal and scientific review of methamphetamine evidence involving driving, postmortem redistribution, laboratory methods, and expert testimony.
In-Custody Deaths, Toxicology, and the End of Excited Delirium in California
California bars excited delirium as a diagnosis and civil evidence. Learn what AB 360 means for in-custody death toxicology and section 1983 causation.
Concentration Is Not Impairment: THC Blood Levels in California Driving Cases
California has no per se THC limit, and the pharmacology explains why. Blood THC falls fastest when effect is still rising, and frequent users carry measurable levels long after any effect.
“They Are Not Tests of Driving” — What the Field Sobriety Tests Actually Measure
The woman who built the Standardized Field Sobriety Tests testified under oath that they do not measure driving. A forensic toxicology review of the science behind HGN, the Walk-and-Turn, and the One-Leg Stand.
Why Intelligent People Hold Irrational Political Beliefs
Short answer: Political beliefs are not formed by intelligence alone. Group identity, prior knowledge, trusted messengers, moral values, and selective exposure all shape how evidence is interpreted. Intelligence may improve accuracy in some settings, but it does not make anyone immune to partisan bias. Reviewed and updated July 24, 2026….
